The Ari Lax Travel Scale

If you have followed me on Twitter for any amount of time, you may be aware that I’m prone to travel… adventures. Or mishaps. I like to think that most of them weren’t my fault, but it keeps happening to me and I have to wonder if I really am a subtle cause or indirectly setting myself up for them.

If you follow Magic design you may be familiar with the Storm Scale. This is a retrospective grade Mark Rosewater likes to apply to mechanics to show how likely they are to return in Magic.

Today, I would like to introduce the Ari Lax Travel Scale. From 0 to 10, how much does the travel mishap impact my life?

0 - We get there at or ahead of time, without any issues.

Believe it or not, this does happen to me sometimes.

1 - You get there with maybe a minor delay.

You leave Boston in rush hour post-work traffic. 

You drive from DC to Pittsburgh and a wild Breezewood appears in the middle.

Your plane takes off, lands, but you are row 37 and wait to get out.

This covers most Magic trips. It’s the “evergreen” state of travel.

2 - Something happens, but just to someone else you know. At most they had a card or two for you.

In the 2013-2014 Pro Season (Theros Block in Magic time), Conley Woods was on some kind of roll. He played a really wild selection of decks at events, highlighted by Pro Tour choices of 3 Birthing Pod Melira Pod in Modern, Abzan Enchantress with no Elspeth, Sun’s Champion or Thoughtseize in Theros block, and Necromancer’s Stockpile Golgari in Standard. 

This wasn’t limited to Pro Tours, his Grand Prix decks were all swings for the fences. One of these times, I felt he had struck gold. This was Born of the Gods Standard, a format of Mono-Black Pack Rat, Mono-Blue Devotion, and Esper Control, and he wanted to play Golgari Dredge with Nighthowler.

Somehow, his flight from Denver just failed to take off. I made it to the event, played his deck, and lost playing for Top 8 with the big Conley brew hit of the year.

That’s just some bad timing.

3 - Something happens to me, but it’s largely an oddity or inconvenience

I look up at the ceiling of the Ted William tunnel, pictured above for non-Bostonians. I can see it because I’m outside of any moving vehicle, walking down the service side rail with the other thirty people that were on my bus.

Well, the broken down bus. We were the problem holding everyone up in horrific Boston traffic, and now the new bus taking us to Logan airport is 20 feet ahead of us loading people in the middle of traffic in the tunnel. 

At least I had 4G service the whole time and left early for the airport. Unlike the elevator incident (a 4.5 on the scale) I don’t think I had the foresight to live tweet the experience.

4 - Something happens to me, it’s a moderate inconvenience, but doesn’t really change my plans. Or it’s a slight inconvenience, but I’m definitely at fault

This is one of the places on the scale where story equity peaks.

PT Hour of Devastation 2017 in Kyoto. I’m flying Baltimore to Atlanta to Seoul to Kyoto. My Baltimore flight gets delayed, putting my connection time through Atlanta in the 20 minute range from landing to boarding closing.

I sprint across the Atlanta airport, make it from B terminal to my international flight in about 12 minutes (Google says this is a mile with human obstacles in the way), and am insanely glad I checked my main bag. 

Oh wait, my checked bag needed to make that trip. Will I even have clothes once I land in Kyoto? Oh wait, my teammates are saying that I read the train schedule wrong and once I land in Kyoto I have 50 minutes to deboard, clear customs with said potential bag, buy a train ticket, and get on the last train to Kyoto or I’ll be stuck in the airport for seven hours. 

I land, and Pierre Dagen randomly arrives at the same time. My bag magically shows up, there’s apparently a bus that is not only faster but picks up later than the train, and I make it to Kyoto. 

But wait, there’s more, and here is where I’m at fault for my own.... experiences.

My behind the times travel quirk is that I never set up international cell access, which means I have no navigation. I have the address of the AirBNB I’m staying at, but it’s English characters with what I can only assume is not enough kanji to be the full address. From my prior experience many Japanese people can read English but not speak it, so I should be fine right? I have a static map of the area on my phone with a GPS pin for me (today’s lesson: GPS is a one way signal and doesn’t require data) but no GPS pin for my destination, just a broad idea of the area I need to go.

My late night cab driver doesn’t read English characters, and I’m appropriately punished for being a stupidly presumptive American. He doesn’t have a GPS, just a digital map. I point him to around right spot, and we head off. He gets me within a couple blocks according to my GPS and approximate knowledge after getting a bit lost, hands part of the fare back to me because he got lost, and I leave.

But wait, it’s not over, and I’m still at fault for this part. I’m outside in the neighborhood, I have a broad idea of where I’m going, but there aren’t really addresses. Or street signs, not that I could read them. And I know the place is down some dead end small street without a clear marking somewhere near the river. 

I do have the Wifi network name and the password though, and my phone has plenty of power. I wander in the right direction, playing high tech Marco Polo, and eventually find the right place via Wifi signal strength navigation. Overall, it takes me about 20 minutes extra.

I still haven’t ever set up international data on a trip.

5 - Something happens to me, I get there on time, but it’s a significant change in schedule

Flying to Grand Prix Los Angeles last August, I scheduled my flight out of Dulles in around 4pm with a short connection in Denver. 

There’s an almost daily thunderstorm in the DC area, that hits the Dulles area around 4pm. Maybe I should have thought this through better.

We land in Denver, I clearly miss my flight, and I check the board for options. There's another flight leaving for LA in 45 minutes, but apparently United just can't put me on it unless I talk to the specific airport customer service agents. Not the phone line, not the gate agent, not their online weather rebooking, just one woman at one desk with 300 other people in line from other flights. After 20 minutes, I accept I'm stuck with the 6am option tomorrow.

Some luck is on my side, and I end up with a bed despite the vast majority of Denver just going yo the GP. Matt Nass was in town due to having hit Platinum, Sam Pardee was flying to the Grand Prix anyways, and that meant there was an open bed to mise. I get there, sleep four hours, go back to the airport for a 6am flight, and get to LA. Without a built deck, obviously.

When I land, I'm greeted with the best possible outcome. The best Jewish deli in the area opens at 7am, it is now 7:30am, and it is directly between us and getting to the site on time to get my missing cards.

Somehow even the messes work out OK in the end.

The rest of the event…. Let’s not talk about that. We are grading travel beats here, not losses due to Magic cheats.

6 - My plans are jeopardized, but largely due to events that don’t physically impact me

Grand Prix Columbus 2018. I’m teaming with Tommy “stainerson” Ashton and Adam “awinnarisyou” Ragsdale.

Tommy is from DC. I’m from DC. Adam is from Toronto. It’s summer, not winter. Keep this all in mind.

I drive the six hours from DC to Columbus because I can take a half Friday. I make it to Columbus on time, order a pizza, and chill in our team Airbnb. Tommy’s flight gets delayed from 8pm to 9pm, then 10pm, then 11pm. Fortunately Jake Mondello is just there to hang out, so I have a backup third on deck in case things go wrong.

Just before I pass out, Adam Ragsdale mentions his late flight out of Canada is delayed 15 minutes.

I wake up at 4am, probably because I ate a whole pizza 8 hours before, to a slew of messages. Tommy isn’t in Columbus, his flight was cancelled because the plane broke, good luck friends. Adam isn’t in Columbus, his flight was cancelled because the plane broke, and they almost locked him in the Toronto airport. 

Because this is still fairly routine nonsense, I shrug and try to assemble a team. Jake is probably asleep, but probably in. I post on the usual circuits, head over to the site when it opens, and decide to ask everyone I know from the area if they have a free agent, and call it quits if I don’t find someone by 9am.

The first local I find to ask is Ben Weinburg at about 8:45am. He says he saw Riley Curran on Discord playing League of Legends at 7am and knows he had no plans to show up. He messages Riley, who hasn’t read any of the Dominaria cards that were just released that weekend but will gladly show up as soon as he can be ready, and I lock it in. 

Jake responds at 8:57 saying he just saw the message but will be there. I sit down for deck build as a team of one. A judge takes pity on me and helps verify a pool with me, and Jake shows up about 10 minutes into deck build as I’ve laid out the playables. Riley shows up 30 minutes later, we have a deck in front of him, he reads all the cards, and it’s go time.

We lose playing for Day 2. Riley was given one rare, a Dread Shade, and had the best record on the team. 

For a one player team as of 15 minutes before the event started, I’ll take it.

7 - My plans are jeopardized, and there was a real chance everything would fall apart

Grand Prix Providence 2011. Notably the Mental Misstep Grand Prix, but that’s not today’s story.

Two cars are meeting up at RIW Hobbies in Michigan and driving down together-ish. I just drove my car down to DC for a SCG Open (a trip that was a solid 4 on the scale with a splash of 8), so it’s someone else’s turn to drive. Their car revs a little hard, but we get on the highway to RIW fine. Before we begin our 14 hour drive one of the four people from the other car runs over, yells “kids in the back!”, and hops in to discuss Storm for the next half day.

We get about five hours into the trip onto I-80 in Ohio. It’s a toll highway with few exits and we are just churning along. Traffic merges to one lane for construction, it starts raining, and now its stop and go. And stop and go, and stop……

No go. 

We get out of the car, with the entire interstate stuck behind us. A neutral push starts it up, but the next time we stop we don’t get going again. As we push the car off the road, we actually see the other Michigan car driving with us go past, with Michael Jacob’s incredulous stare prominently in the passenger seat. “These idiots, I can’t believe someone would just break down in a one lane highway”. 

We convince them (well, not Mike, but the other two guys) to wait at the next rest stop for us as a tow truck arrives. A tow truck with one passenger seat, but a very courteous driver who doesn’t want to leave us in the rain off a highway five miles from an exit. We are told “I’m not supposed to do this, buckle up” and we remain in the dead car as its raised onto the flat bed. Going 70 miles an hour in a turned off car a couple feet up on a flatbed feels as weird as it sounds.

We get to the rest stop, and a numbers problem ensues. There are five spots in the other car. There are three of them, and four of us. The owner of the defunct car opts to wait in Ohio to save money for a new transmission. That leaves two slots, three people, and one solution. 

We game. I’m safe first, and I pull two cards from a Pauper Cube saying one person will have their ride Cancel-led. The first person flips their card up, it’s a 1UU instant, its Ca….psize. The second person, who was the one who arbitrarily swapped cars to begin with, is left in Ohio with a Cancel and the promise of “another car from Michigan is coming in seven hours”. Thankfully Twitter existed, and the internet found him another ride significantly faster.

So yes, I have randomly determined if who was going to be stuck in Ohio once. Once you play for stakes that high, most other gambles aren’t that big a deal.

8 - My plans are jeopardized, and there’s definitely additional risks involved

Grand Prix Montreal 2014, early March.

In October, the drive from Boston to Montreal is basically the stereotypical idyllic Northeastern fall excursion.

From November to close to May it's a frozen hellscape.

There are five of us in Jackie Lee's Prius. We are almost windblown off the road in the Canadian tundra on the way there, right in front of this church with weird, spiky, blood red crucifixes in front of it. Canadians have to be proactively friendly, otherwise the country would likely descend into full on Donner party every winter.

On the way home, we safely make it back to America but it isn't like Vermont is much better. It's about 17 degrees F(reedom units) and icy as hell.

This time when the car engine goes out we are moving, so we can coast off the road instead of pushing.

This time I ask if the tow truck has seating for five before it shows up, as the alternative might be freezing to death.

Of course, it's midnight in the middle of nowhere and the tow truck will be at least an hour. And every person that sees us pulls over to offer help. And each time we open the window, we lose heat.

Fortunately the tow truck is on time while car is still merely brisk and not freezing, actually has seating for five, and is willing to give us a ride back to Boston for the same cost as other transit. We get home an hour or two later than expected, and my bed is really warm that night.

9 - Wait WHAT? You still got there?

“Excuse me ladies and gentlemen, you may have smelled that. There’s a bit of an electrical fire somewhere. We aren’t quite sure where, and it’s not causing any issues yet, but we are going to take the plane in juuuust to be safe”.

That’s not really a paraphrase. When your pilot says something like that, you tend to remember it almost word-for-word.

At least this was on the leg of the flight to Hawaii that was over land, as opposed to the Pacific Ocean.

Specifically, that land was Iowa, and not Des Moines. Waterloo, Iowa technically has an airport you can land a 747 at, but not enough seats for everyone once they get off the plane that is still ON FIRE SOMEWHERE BUT WE DON’T KNOW WHERE.

The mayor of Waterloo was on it though, with free pizza and a bus to the casino, which made things a lot better as we waited for a new, significantly less on fire plane to show up.

10 - I miss the event, or the issue is seriously traumatic

I have yet to experience a 10 on this scale. I really don’t want to. 

The closest I’ve come is booking Spirit a red eye flight. I wisely skipped that entire event for unrelated reasons.

To quote a recent flavor text favorite on mine: “I’m a master of making great bad choices”.

The Unknown Shores Rant: The Cost of Fixing in Limited

Last post there was a rule of War of the Spark Limited I skipped. Because it’s this entire post instead.

Rule #6: Splash Less Than You Think, Then Even Less Than That

Why? The fixing just costs too much.

Let's define what too much means.

Shimmering Grotto and Unknown Shores have been around a long time. For a lot of that time, I’ve gone to a classic (Andrew Cuneo?) quote for these cards.

“You know they allow you to play as many basic lands as you want?”

When you play Shimmering Grotto and use it for colored mana, your spell costs one more.

In your average Limited deck, how many cards would you be happy paying an extra mana for?

Have you played Limited decks where your cards are all slightly overcosted D-level playables? It is horrible, and you lose a lot.

That’s what happens to your on color cards when you play Unknown Shores. Sure, if it was an off color basic land you couldn’t cast your spells, but playing a turn behind the whole time is still really bad.

This also applies to the spell you are splashing. The issue is a bit more debatable here, but keep in mind it is still an issue. I would pay gladly 3B for Ob Nixilis’s Cruelty, but I’m unsure I would be excited to play that card if it meant risking my mana for the rest of my deck.

The real failure point is when someone splashes a multicolored uncommon creature this way. Pirates and Dinosaurs in Ixalan were huge offenders. If you splash Storm Fleet Sprinter and pay four mana for your 2/2 haste unblockable, is that really better than an on color four drop?

The one thing Unknown Shores is okay at is making all five colors at once. Mountain doesn't cast Doom Blade and Lightning Strike in your Azorius deck, but Unknown Shores does.

My usual answer to this kind of deck building is just play better mana and worse cards. Unless the cards are super broken rares that autowin games when cast on turn five or turn fifteen you aren't gaining enough, and even then Unknown Shores better be the last piece of five color fixing you need on top of a few others. You can wait for a format with better five color fixing to have fun.

This is probably a good time to bring up the caveat that splashing without any fixing is typically a bad idea. I don't have the true numbers, but the basic gist is you usually need at least eight sources of your primary colors to reliably cast those spells early. You need three sources of your splash color to find it semi-reliably, two if you are OK waiting until you have seen a larger portion of your deck. The bare minimum for a two color deck and a splash is eighteen lands, and that's straining your mana to do it. This worked in Dominaria where the format was slow, full of card draw, mana intensive so eighteen lands was good already, and having another impactful card mattered a lot, but not every format is as forgiving.

War of the Spark Fixing Costs

The big issue with splashing in War of the Spark is taking a turn off. The concept of playing to the battlefield is just hammered home again and again by planeswalkers on both sides. If you take a turn off for fixing that's a wrap.

Hmm, that sure looks like spending a card and a turn.

That's also a turn. So is Gateway Plaza.

That's a turn spent producing a creature and fixing. And Paradise Druid blows all of these out of the water as a fine two drop that lets you dump your hand faster and splash.

I think the point should be clear. The non-green fixing costs a turn, the green fixing largely doesn't.

I'll also bring up that if you aren't green, you are blue or in Mardu colors. Mardu trios are too proactive to want to typically splash, or Orzhov which has its own issues. Dimir and Izzet already struggle with playing to the battlefield to defend and pressure planeswalkers, splashing only opens that weakness up more.

Azorius though I don't mind a splash in. The spots where I've found splashing in non-green decks to work are largely on the back of the cheap, easy to pick up white removal duo of Gideon's Triumph and Divine Arrow, using those to recover the lost tempo.

I'm still splashing unbeatable rares if possible, but my bar for possible is higher. I'm also way more partial to non-planeswalker rares that don't get much worse if I spent a turn fixing. The odds I splash Enter the God Eternals off colorless fixers are higher than the odds I splash Sorin, Vengeful Bloodlord.

Again, this is all outside of green. In green, I'm fine mixing fixers that play to the battlefield with those that don't to get workable splash mana.

Why is New Horizons exempt from this? First off, the +1/+1 counter is often relevant battlefield presence. The proliferate upside is really overstated, but it's there. And the double fix lets you splash even more absurd cards like God Eternals, making New Horizons unique for the format.

To look back a set to Ravnica Allegiance, splashing was great even at fairly high costs (Open the Gate for Gateway Plaza is how much mana?). The reason is simple to derive. There were absurdly high power uncommons to splash that could easily make up for spending that time, like Archway Angel and Gates Ablaze. Even in a not all-in Gates deck, the multicolor cards were just distinctly. If your opponent played random mono-color creatures with untapped lands, then you played Aeromunculus and Frenzied Arynx with mostly tapped lands you were way ahead.

And unlike Guilds of Ravnica, these splashable cards were just face value good without synergy. In that other format, you could splash good removal like Artful Takedown or Hypothesizzle, but the power in multicolor cards was largely low cost creatures like Skyknight Legionnaire or linear payoffs like Goblin Electromancer. You could splash but the odds you found a card worth it were just low enough that it was unexpected, where in Ravnica Allegiance the main reason to not splash was that other people took all the fixing you needed to reliably do that.

This all brings us to the Unknown Shores variant in Modern Horizons: Cavern of Temptation.

Modern Horizons isn't going to be as tempo-oriented as War of the Spark, just because there is one planeswalker per sixty packs instead of one per pack. I would be into playing Gateway Plaza in this format.

But this is an Unknown Shores, not a Gateway Plaza. It's a per use tax, not a one shot payment.

I'm not going to tell you not to play Cavern of Temptation. Just play it as a land that sacrifices for value more than a fixer.

My Five Rules for WAR Draft

Despite the first reactions to rares and planeswalkers dominating games, War of the Spark Draft can be an intricate format. Just drafting cards in colors often leads to really bad decks, even if you have a broken rare or two.

Ok, those decks still win a lot because the rares are really broken, but they could win even more if they were drafted and built right.

After a month of playing the format, here’s how to frame the small decisions of the format to maximize your best cards and minimize theirs.

(In the interest of keeping the main flow together, I’ve moved some of the tangents to endnotes. If you don’t mind a flow break, feel free to skip ahead and read those where they are noted.)

Rule #1: Do Fucked Up Things

Family friendly writing was broken on purpose. I want to emphasize this hard.

The way to win in War of the Spark draft is do something soul crushingly powerful, typically a cascading advantage they can't match by just casting creatures. A rare, a planeswalker, recurring that planeswalker, proliferate starts in white and green, various spell churning synergies in blue and red, and so on.

The only exception is black decks, and "kill all your relevant cards with barely conditional removal" honestly is its own brand of this.

Note that while some of this implies a synergy based format, I'll remind you that a lot of these "synergies" are just "don't be getting crushed so I can cast my one card win" and less cumulative interactions. Honestly a lot of the synergy stuff in the format is underwhelming because it isn't broken and game ending. Getting a card off Spark Reaper sacrificing Grim Initiate is nice, but doing that a bunch still won't match the good things that do more for less mana and card investment.

(End Note 1: Why I Don’t Like WAR Draft)

Rule #2: Traction is Key

Everyone has already said this, so let's keep it quick.

For conceptual reference, Michael Majors’ original article about traction, the concept of on board advantage leading to or preventing cascading advantages from planeswalkers.

The easiest way to "go off" in War of the Spark draft is activate an uncommon planeswalker twice. 

This is the only broken thing your Tier 2 cards can broadly interact with.

You want basically all your filler to put you in position to attack an uncommon planeswalker and prevent that second activation. All the lower power cards that don't do that are really close to unplayable unless….

Rule #3: Build to Leverage Your More Specific Unbeatable Cards

More unbeatable setups in your deck is a good thing. If all the non-unbeatable cards tend to get washed out (outside of their ability to brawl over planeswalkers), then try hard to use those slots to make more of your cards potentially unbeatable.

This is kinda just "build around your best cards", except only if those cards are things that runaway with games and in ways that make them do exactly that.

The obvious example of this is Mowu, Loyal Companion. If you make this a 5/5 or 7/7 vigilance trample, you almost always win. Your filler creatures once you have Mowu lean more towards Iron Bully than Vivien's Grizzly, spells towards Courage in Crisis over Bonds of Flourishing, and so on. What other cards tie to this? Obviously the Selesnya Proliferate deck, but also in green-red Courage in Crisis is great with Spellgorger Weird making Mowu a solid fit in some of those decks.

A trickier example? Trusted Pegasus is a driving reason to play combat tricks.

Combat tricks are really bad in this format because they aren’t great traction. The fact that they don’t unconditionally advance your board state makes them bad when defending your planeswalkers, and when attacking their good planeswalkers they don’t stop a block. You attack, they block, you trick, you traded one card for a card, and they get to activate again for more value and just drop another doofus, you end up behind.

But what if you minimize the number of creatures they can block with? When they block and you Giant Growth a Trusted Pegasus, are they really that likely to produce another flier? They already took a hit from your other attacker, how many more of those can they take before dying? What if your trick was Battlefield Promotion and now your 3/3 Pegasus outsizes the random 2/3 fliers? 

Large numbers of Raging Kronch and just being a deck full of 4/3 and 4/4 attackers is another similar spot. They can probably try to trade once for a 4/3, or produce one Ashiok’s Skulker to block, but the second time is much harder if Giant Growth got involved.

Another example: If your planeswalkers are three drops that don’t protect themselves like Narset and Davriel you want to have cheaper creatures to defend them, but if they are five drops like Jaya or Ob Nixilis your three and four drops matter more to defend against the creatures you can expect to be hanging around then.

Remember, the focus here is game ending synergies, not small advantages. Rescuer Sphinx plus Guild Globe isn't that important. Thunder Drake plus Contentious Plan more likely is.

Rule #4: Pick Orders Are Flexible

I’m a bit of a stickler for pick orders these days, and think a good pick order is super important for navigating the first pack of a draft. I really want to have a strong idea of the relative power of every card, so that when I am faced with a pick I have the closest thing possible to a discrete value of each card.

I wouldn’t say War of the Spark throws that out of the window, but it matters less.

I’m still very strict about taking distinctly better cards. If my first two picks are blue and I see Pollenbright Druid versus Sky Theater Strix, I’m taking the B-minus Druid over the C-level Strix. 

But when it comes to stuff like Ob Nixilis’ Cruelty versus Prison Realm, Bloom Hulk versus Spellgorger Weird, Callous Dismissal versus Law-Mage Enforcer, I don’t really care enough to figure it out. Normally I would make sure all of these are “close but clear”, but WAR draft makes them swing too much to matter.

A big part of this are the previously mentioned broken rares and planeswalkers. There are around 20-30 cards so impactful that biasing your deck to play them overrides taking slightly better cards. Probably more, because even a good uncommon planeswalker is so high impact on a game that it pulls me to draft that color.

So even if I think Spellgorger Weird is better than Bloom Hulk without context, if I first picked Nissa or even just Vraska I’m probably taking the 4/4. For a similar reference, in Dominaria if I first pick an Untamed Kavu I’m still second picking Academy Journeymage over Baloth Gorger or some similar equivalency, because there are half or a third as many cards that have that level of forcing payoff.

Another big part of this is that there’s such a huge power level disparity between color pairs, especially once you are partially married to an early rare or planeswalker. Usually I’m among the most open ended drafters, willing to draft whatever if it’s open, but this format that just isn’t the case. You actively need a reason to draft most of the white archetypes, black-white is super corner case reliant on large numbers of rares or planeswalkers.

There’s even a huge disparity in the quality of a bunch of other archetypes depending on which color you are based in. 

For example, green-red as a green-base assertive creature deck or ramp deck has been unimpressive, but as a red-based spells deck has been really nice. Or black-green as a green-base creature deck compared to a green-base ramp deck or black-based control deck, and so on. 

(End Note #2: WAR (Sub)Archetype Ranking)

So if you are faced with a second pick Callous Dismissal versus Law-Rune Enforcer and your first pick was Angrath, Captain of Chaos I’m slamming Callous Dismissal as white-black and white-red are two of those sub-par color comboes. But if my first pick was Vivien, Champion of the Wilds I might just take Law-Rune Enforcer because green-white creature works out better on average than green-blue creatures/tempo.

Also, there’s the next rule…..

Rule #5: All Things Being Equal, Start Mono Color In The Draft

I’ve talked a lot about broken rares. You want the chance to open a broken rare pack two and take it, and you want to lose the least prior investment possible to do this. The easiest way to do this is just not have invested a lot in a second color.

So imagine a scenario of Callous Dismissal versus Spellgorger Weird. If you first picked Kasmina, or if you first picked Jaya, you should just take the card that lines up with that color. Callous Dismissal is slightly worse than Spellgorger Weird, but they are in the same ballpark. 

Again, I’m not justifying drastic deviations here. If it’s Spellgorger Weird versus Jace’s Triumph, I’m taking the Weird regardless of whether my first pick was Kefnet. But if the pick is remotely close without context, it becomes real easy if you can stay in line with prior picks. 

I do think this plan works best for the Grixis colors compared to Selesnya ones. They are just way more self consistent as you go down the card list. 

If you just take all the red commons and uncommons, they tell a story of bulky aggro with a higher than average spell count and often some fodder to sacrifice. 

The black cards tell a story of a deck really able to control the game by answering anything, with a few ways to end up with value so your large number of 1-for-1s ends up with you ahead and some evasion to manage planeswalkers that sneak through.

The blue cards, whatever. It’s just what blue always does. The cards all look like they might do nothing, then you play games and every blue deck is always up a million cards and answers all the things and it was never really close

White though? Trusted Pegasus, white’s second best common, is largely Wind Drake in 40% of white decks. Divine Arrow is in a similar space, Makeshift Battalion ranges from solid in the right aggro deck to unplayable even in another aggro deck, it’s just a mess.

Green? I can just point to Bloom Hulk versus Centaur Nurturer. 

Not to say that I won’t stay mono-color in green or white, just that I’ll pay more attention to if the card I’m picking is good in the abstract or still good in context of my prior picks. If my first three picks are Vivien, Mowu, Band Together a Centaur Nurturer isn’t really staying strongly “on color”.

There's a lot more to dive into in War of the Spark draft that really gets into the card-by-card weeds, and honestly almost all of it can be erased if you have to face the worst case scenario cards. But if you follow these rules you have the best chance of overcoming some of the absurd things that regularly happen in this format.

End Note 1: Why I Don’t Like WAR Draft

The synergies all being super charged and fairly cascading is where I struggle to enjoy War of the Spark draft, because these strategies don't interact with each other in interesting ways. There's a lot of snowball games, with planeswalkers that swing from terrible when behind to unbeatable if stable or just someone turboing out 5/5s. It's to easy for most of the cards in a game to only matter in context of the scramble to position a card that suddenly blanks all of their cards. This is dynamic, but in a horrible way.

It's almost the reverse of Guilds of Ravnica, where the draft portion was largely autopilot after the first picks but decisions on the game and match level were absurdly deep and paid off. In WAR  it feels good to try and optimize your deck build and early game setup, but a lot of games feel hollow and like a lot of earlier decisions get erased. 

End Note #2: WAR (Sub)Archetype Ranking

This is down here because the details of it aren't that important. Feel free to yell at me on Twitter or something if you disagree.

Top Tier Decks:

U/R Spells (either base)

U/B (really anything)

Still Good If Open:

R/B (Top Tier if you get 3+ good removal, bad if you don’t)

W/G Proliferate

W/U Good Stuff

R/G Spells-ish Beats (often a bit proliferate-y too, relies on red low end threats)

G/B/x Ramp (really wants some rare)

Conditional Even If Open:

W/G/x Ramp (need lots of W removal)

G/U/x Ramp (needs lots of off color removal)

G/U Proliferate (need lots of top tier commons)

G/B/x Aggro (needs a very weird mix of removal, amass, planeswalkers, and proliferate)

Avoid Without Rares:

W/R (Feather or bust)

W/B (multiple unbeatable rares, or many good planeswalkers)

W/U Aggro

The Spellskite Rant // Modern Horizons vs One Mana Modern

I have a long Spellskite rant, but the short version is 1 mana vs 2 means this is good protection where Spellskite is mostly a weird hate card in the post-Fatal Push era.

— Ari Lax (@armlx) May 22, 2019

Rant? Rant that is too long for Twitter?

This is exactly why The Internet invented blogs!

Oh, it also has a big theory impact on evaluating Modern Horizons. If you want to skip to that, Ctrl + F for the set name will get you there.

The Spellskite Rant

People play Spellskite in too many Modern decks. Even worse, when they do play it they sideboard it in way too often.

Spellskite is not a baseline good card in 2019 Modern. If you are going to play Spellskite to protect a card you control, you should probably just play another card that matters or a protection spell that costs one instead.

Spellskite in 2019 Modern is a hate card for pump spell strategies like Infect. Or maybe a hate card against very specific other effects with some upside. If you are mainly redirecting Path to Exile, it isn't good.

Wait, When Did That Happen?

I played a Modern Pro Tour where I distinctly remember narrowing my decision down to three decks, and all of them had multiple Spellskite in the 75. That was September 2012.

I played three Spellskite main deck at Pro Tour Eldrazi Winter and my deck was legitimately great. That was February 2016.

Going forward from there, I think I can pinpoint the exact date Spellskite became bad as February 19th, 2017. I think that might have been about the end of the road

Two things happened right then.

First off, Gitaxian Probe’s banning made Infect much less popular. But that’s the hate card angle, not the Spellskite just being good angle.

February 19th, 2017 was Grand Prix Vancouver. Eric Severson Top 8ed the Grand Prix playing Melira Company. He played against a black attrition strategy and was promptly dumpstered out of the event. That deck doing the dumpstering was Jund Death’s Shadow.

The card that killed Spellskite in the literal and metagame sense was Fatal Push.

End Of The Lightning Bolt Era

This wasn’t just Spellskite hit by Fatal Push. This was basically the whole format. From February 2017 though October 2017, you couldn’t really beat Death’s Shadow. There was a half a decade of inertia from Modern being a Lightning Bolt format, not a Fatal Push one, to override.

Fatal Push is just one mana removal, and it isn’t like Modern didn’t have to deal with one mana removal before. Lightning Bolt and Path to Exile have been format staples since its inception. But you can’t really Path to Exile on turn one or two without a real cost.

And Lightning Bolt has a specific cap. It didn’t hit Deceiver Exarch, Wall of Roots, Tarmogoyf, Restoration Angel, wow this list has a lot of cards that aren’t remotely playable any more.

And it certainly didn’t kill Spellskite, meaning that your opponent had to spend two mana on removal to answer your Spellskite.

Fatal Push had none of those qualms. Spellskite against Jund Death’s Shadow ate a one mana removal spell and that was the end of the story.

One Mana Modern

Really, Fatal Push was the start of the era where no matter what you did in Modern, it could be undone for one mana. It isn’t just Fatal Push doing this. Once Fatal Push changed the rules so that a four toughness two drop was in range of dying, it was no longer relevant that it didn’t die to Lightning Bolt. Which means there was little reason to play things immune to Lightning Bolt, and suddenly that card also killed everything for one mana.

There have been three natural reactions.

None of them are actually playing cards that cost five mana. Get real here.

Break rules, and produce things that cost less mana but technically don’t. Hollow One, Gurmag Angler, Scrap Trawler.

Play only things that exchanging for a one mana card is fine for, and more of them than they have removal. Champion of the Parish, Thalia, Guardian of Thraben, Goblin Guide.

Don’t play things that die. Urza’s Tower, Prized Amalgam, Arclight Phoenix.

These as a whole are also what accelerated Modern. You have people playing a bunch of cost reduced cards, one cost threats, and non-interactive decks. The second order effect of Fatal Push is why no one plays Pia and Kiran Nalaar any more. Notice how some of these are even zero mana options. I don't think we are breaking that barrier any time soon, but I won't be shocked when it happens.

There’s also a modularity associated with one mana plays that has accumulated. You might be familiar with this if you played Hearthstone odd/even payoffs, but there’s a mathematical function of mana efficiency here. If two drops are your optimal low cost card, the game is way slower because of the gaps in when you get to play multiple spells and use all your mana. Turn two and turn three look the same, turn four and turn five, etc. So you can fill in the gaps with clunkier cards, and mana curves exist. (Thanks to Corey Burkhart for putting this into words)

If you have one drops, you just get to always use your mana for the maximum number of actions. As long as each of those cards is worth about one cardboard-action (ie. you aren’t spending multiple one drops to exchange for one of their two drops), you just come out ahead because you do more things. Or the deeper effect of getting to trim lands, then draw more spells, and take more effects that way. This is the Delver of Secrets - Ponder problem from Legacy and Pauper.

So you play Spellskite. It costs your second turn or most of your third turn. They play a removal spell, it costs them a fraction of whatever turn, and wow does that suck. If you just had a different threat and they didn’t have Fatal Push that would be better. If you had a one mana spell it would be better.

That’s why Spellskite sucks. Unless of course you get to spend two mana and turn off their deck. Spellskite is to Bogles as Stony Silence is to Affinity.

And before you say it, yes I did play Spellskite recently in Whir Prison. It's a reactive hate card there. Welding Jar is your maindeck better Spellskite. Spellskite is your Spellskite against very specific things like Shattering Spree and Echoing Truth, which when you get your lock online are the literal only cards that matter. Sometimes blocking is an upside, sometimes improvising is an upside, and it rarely trades for a one mana card.

Modern Horizons

Where does that put our hundreds of new, targeted designs from Modern Horizons?

Let’s look at some previewed cards:

Giver of Runes is closer to Benevolent Bodyguard than Mother of Runes.

Not that Benevolent Bodyguard wouldn't see Modern play.

— Ari Lax (@armlx) May 22, 2019

Giver of Runes is the textbook example here and the card that prompted this whole Spellskite discussion. It costs one mana and forces a trade for a one mana spell, which runs them out of answers for your other stuff. Giver of Runes will almost surely make a splash in Modern.

Goblin Engineer is closer to Entomb than Goblin Welder.

Oh wait, this is a favorable comparison. pic.twitter.com/3WBHQ3BoLR

— Ari Lax (@armlx) May 22, 2019

Goblin Engineer is somewhere in the middle. It does force a removal spell, but it trades down on mana for that. So you want to set up a spot where the artifact search to graveyard matters, and losing it to a one mana removal spell still leaves you up an Entomb. Goblin Engineer will be good in a narrow range of strategies where that Entomb is a big deal, with the obvious one being Thopter Foundry - Sword of the Meek

Bazaar Trade Mage is the peak of the one mana issue so far. Why are you paying three mana for an effect that costs one mana (Faithless Looting)? You are down a card on a Fatal Push, so you are up…. Three discards? Gross.

So, when you think about Modern Horizons, think about the cards in context of one mana alternatives and interactions. Can you do this for one mana? Do you get wrecked by a one mana card? If you can't figure out how your spell is favorable against the one (or sometimes zero) mana options, try again.

The Death of Competitive Magic Via the MPL

Presenting this, knowing Savjz is actually just making the equity optimal decision. This isn't just a unique stance, Hoogland just stopped showing up to events too because streaming is worth more.https://t.co/d6a8A5MqO2

— Ari Lax (@armlx) May 14, 2019

This is where we are. The latest face of the "pinnacle of competitive Magic", unsure what his plans for playing paper Magic are. Who was given an invite and travel to the latest paper Mythic Championship, and just didn't go.

The core of competitive Magic as we knew it for almost 25 years is dying, and the new structure meant upgrade it is the cause.

Why, the First Time?

Mark Rosewater talks a lot about the idea of why different player profiles play Magic. Timmy/Tammy wants to feel something, Johnny/Jenny wants to make and discover something, and Spike... well they say prove something, but I think that's off. 

Wanting to prove something gets you to beating people at the local shop to say you won, but that's it. Why does anyone play competitive Magic beyond that level?

It's about the art of self improvement.

I've long pushed for thinking about Magic, and especially tournament Magic, as an artificial system of binaries and absolutes. Previously this was in a discussion of ethics or overall purpose, but in this case of learning and drive it's a huge upside. 

There's a binary system of absolute truth and falsehood, defined largely by the rules of wins and losses. It's slightly obscured by chance, but part of the process is learning how to gleam that slightly obscured truth. The confounding factors are just numbers and wizard rectangles, much easier to piece together than non-artificial systems with confounding factors that exist beyond defined bounds.

Competitive Magic is the art of correctly generalizing from sample sizes too small to draw real conclusions.

— Andrew Elenbogen (@Ajelenbogen) January 10, 2019

Eventually, it goes beyond learning the game and learning at the meta-level of learning how and what to learn. After a few times getting stuck against a wall, you start seeing the pattern of how to start finding the ways out of that part of the progress maze. And then the next time you get stuck it's easier to the pattern forward, and so on. And each time, you are rewarded with a sugar cube for solving the maze. And by sugar, I mean money.

There were always clear goals to push towards. Not skill and theory, but tangible goal posts from event finishes. The Pro Player Club was a great implementation of this, with each tier being a step up in how much your results stuck, a boost to the next level, and with a natural end game of content. Even people who won a Pro Tour, won two Pro Tours, made the Hall of Fame came back because they wanted to see if they could do better next time.

Because next time, the game changes and you have to figure it out again. And you aren't competing against computer-defined behaviors like a video game or repetitive barriers, but your competition is the Sisyphean task of out gunning other people making the same progress. The system was consistently rebalanced to provide some inertia to those who were successful, but not so much they could case their efforts and not idle back up the hill next season.

Money, future chances at money, future chances at the same challenge you entered in the first place. All great stuff.

(I'm unsure any of these incentives exist any more.)

The other answer, outside psychographics, is the people. Namely a group of people interested in the same goal of self improvement, speaking the same language, willing to share information and good times along the way.

Competitive Magic captured people over the years as a struggle to self-improve, to out perform others, but in a way that brought people together in the pursuit with incentive drops along the way.

But it's all useless and artificial? Not really. These abstract skills are probably some of the most useful, and many people who excelled at competitive Magic have successfully translate this into whatever field they want. There's even more about understanding luck and failure, playing to your outs, but that's just the lessons you learn on the way to the goal of learning self improvement.

The Monkey's Paw

For years, the constant complaint about the top level of competitive Magic, or professional Magic, was the rate of return. I've been qualified for every Pro Tour from 2009 through now, largely on Pro Club status. I literally won one. Tournaments were loss leaders for content production in the professional Magic economy. Or maybe they were heavily subsidized excuses to fly around the world and hang out with friends. I always liked that view better.

The other issue was lack of organized support. The system existed, but the publicity potential was squandered compared to other avenues. There's a classic tale along the lines of a player known from another circuit being referred to as a Hall of Famer, despite being at their first Pro Tour, and the player hearing the reference being an actual five Pro Tour Top 8 Hall of Famer who was completely unknown to the person speaking.

I think we got what we wished for, but definitely not what we wanted.

Loss of Traction

With the initial MPL announcement, the end of the Pro Club was announced. There was no replacement for non-MPL Pros to stick around at Mythic Championships beyond spiking a good result.

A similar announcement occurred years ago, in 2011. In a similar fashion, no replacement was announced. The end result then was a really awkward roll over to just revert to approximately the same thing, but in the uncertain period I wrote about the same thing at the time. I'm mostly just sad I get another chance to articulate the same point better.

Traction based on consistent results is how you keep people around long enough for them to actually improve and become the players you want showcasing your game.

Honestly, the canary in the coal mine was the Silver level under the briefly lived cycle system. You got an invite, but you then couldn't earn another points invite via Silver until all the points used for the first one rolled off. 

In each case, failure is a clean exit point. Any prior investment is just gone, and you are back to square one. When someone won their first PTQ, lost at the Pro Tour, and went home unqualified they had a glimpse of something else and maybe the fire to try again. When a Silver pro fell off and realized they now have to rebuild their small house of cards from nothing and all their previous work doesn't matter, they usually just quit. The old system always left a hook, the starter Pro Points from your failed Silver Pro Tour giving you a reason to base to re-Silver on, the remainder Silver invite from a bad year at Gold giving you one last shot at redemption.

Brad Nelson left the Pro Tour for years under basically these circumstances, almost right after his run to Player of the Year. 

Now, it's just worse. Unlike the Silver roll off I discussed, there's no traction at all. Maybe there's something bubbling in the works, but the utter lack of information on it for months is not promising. Gerry literally quit the MPL in part because of this, so I have doubts anyone actually knows something I don't. This includes even the Wizards of the Coast Organized Play department, which is a line that grew from a joke to probably the truth over the last six months.

That, and the fact that all of the equity that could have supported it is being funneled right into the MPL.

Payment Plans

I've spit out a lot of numbers for how much money is being paid to the MPL players. I'm going to condense this down.

An MPL player's compensation is a $75,000 contract, three Arena MC invites, a Mythic Invitational invite. The last four events pay out about $14,000 a person. A 4/32 shot at a Worlds invite is another $8,000 of value, a 4/32 chance of being seeded into Day 2 of any of the three Arena MCs via MPL League standings is another couple thousand each (all extracted from the equity of the at large invites). Overall, the MPL is around $140,000 a person for the year. The MPL is around a $4.5 million dollar expense in player salaries and expected payouts. I'm not even unbalancing the equity for the fact that the Mythic Invitational, an event advertised as a streamer showcase, pitted them against MPL sharks there as favorites to take most of the event equity.

Wizards of the Coast has a $10,000,000 E-Sports budget this year between all the MCs, Mythic Invitational, Worlds, Grand Prix, etc. If you calculate the budget for Arena events that the MPL is more than half the invited player list of ($3.25 million), you quickly realize that somewhere between 15-20% of the entire Pro Play budget covers just getting the MPL into rooms to play Arena, not even their player and streaming contracts.

33rd place was Jeremy Dezani. Or maybe Corey Burkhart. They got nothing. Or Andrew Elenbogen, Greg Orange, Luis Scott-Vargas? They all got about one Gold status worth of equity, about $10,000, once you balance for Andrew's lack of classic Worlds invite. 

This just in: MCQ winner is forced to GoFundMe for their plane ticket to the event.

The price of funding plane tickets instead of the $500 min prize is around 1-2 MPL members of contract / Arena MC prize equity.

— Ari Lax (@armlx) May 13, 2019

And just them, no one else.

Part of this "Mythic" jump to a $10 million total prize pool was the scrapping of travel benefits for qualified players. Winning a MCQ is now a ticket to the right to front an uncertain amount of money, possibly multiple thousands for things like Barcelona in the summer, flying across the world to get repaid probably $500 later.

Players are being told they can't defer an invite if they can't afford this expense. 

Maybe the stores running the MCQ can choose not to hire a judge so they can include a plane ticket in the prize. Or charge $80 a person. This issue is just being unloaded on the lower level players in higher expenses and worse events. 

If you total up the old prizes, travel awards, then take the new prizes and subtract the unavailable money being paid to get MPL players and streamers to Arena events, I wouldn't be shocked if the annual prize pool available to MCQ winners was reduced.

Spending ~2k to fly to Barcelona for an MC that’s basically just a cash prize MCQ for going 11-5 or better would be a stupid decision compared to just deferring right? Especially considering 1st place seems to effectively only be a cash prize increase.

— Jacob Nagro (@JacobNagro) May 13, 2019

And you now have established non-MPL Pros, realizing there's not equity in showing up to the biggest events in the game. Or the smaller ones, since coverage and the resulting sponsorship airtime was cut there as part of the expense redistribution.

Mythic Points are so top heavy, and it seems only the top few finishers matter. The extreme level of result required to even be in position to reach that, the level of time investment to grind all the spot-by-spot qualifiers to give yourself the max chances, you are basically shoving all in on your life and some money to even have a shot.

There's not money, there's not invites to future events. There's still the future challenges, the people, and the top level carrot of the MPL, right?

 Magic Promotional League

Through a series of events, some much more forseeable than others, sudden openings in the MPL appeared.

We got THE Mythic Champion Autumn Burchett replacing the first. Good choice, though that does make the MC finals worth 10 times the 2nd place prize of $20,000 and the first place equity about half the total raw prize pool for the MC. And at the time, we assumed it was double dipping a bit on Mythic Points for next year's MPL while giving prior successes zero points (aka Andrew Elenbogen again).

Then again, someone added to the MPL now has zero lifetime Mythic or Professional points.

It’s pretty simple, you take your match points from the most recent event you played, add your average twitch viewership, the multiply by the number of “engagements” your last social media post got, and that determines your pro level.

— Sam Pardee (@Smdster) May 11, 2019

There was an expectation set that the carrot of the MPL was based on success in the established artificial system. That has been demonstrated to not be the case. Instead your expected viewership numbers translating to Arena income count.

That leaves the people and future challenges as hooks to competitive Magic, or really competitive Magic as a casual endeavor. 

I'm not even sure how far that goes.

When the second opening appeared out of nowhere, me and some friends jokingly made a list of how every MPL member would eventually fall out. One of my favorites was "Ben Stark realizes it is game theory optimal to skip Mythic Championships to stay home and stream Arena draft".

Wait, what was the clip I posted first about Savjz saying attending an MC wasn't worth a week off streaming, or Jeff Hoogland just never going to events unless someone pays him to wear an owl suit?

The incentive structure is literally now telling people to not go to events. Stay home. Don't play anything. It doesn't actually get you into the MPL anyways. 

Or Wizards might suddenly book a crucial Arena qualifier overlapping with a team Grand Prix, long after you would have locked in two friends and booked a flight. 

Streaming isn't really communal. At the volume needed to make it worth doing, it's performative entertainment, with people shouting into a rolling chat void for the attention of the performer.

 So you are told to stay home. At least you have self-improvement for self-improvement's sake right?

Doubtful. Streaming is again entertainment first, education second. There's little reward in being better and learning unless you are the best, more reward for finding a niche and producing Mycosynth Golem videos.

Even if you are aiming for that #1 Mythic spot for raw numbers glory, the structure promotes jamming to try and win, and not losing while figuring out things. This is all sorts of unhealthy, both antithetical to the old competitive Magic search for the truth and teaching all the wrong lessons along the way.

The dark side of this is that streaming is fickle. The eyes go where the hype is, familiarity is not sticky. People play Super Smash Bros Melee regularly in the same way they play competitive Magic, but people watch the newest fighting game in droves in comparison whenever I check the Twitch numbers.

Why, the Redux?

There are still avenues towards the whole process I described as the core of competitive Magic, if you are really into doing it for the sake of doing it. A good Discord is a wonderful place.

But I don't think the people who have seen the other side of things can be told "pay no attention to the man behind the curtain".

One of the first things you learned on the Pro Tour is everyone can win or lose in a Magic tournament. Even if you look to the all time greatest, you aren't looking at a Magnus Carlsen level disparity. It's not just randomness, the game literally changes too much and people catch or lose the thread of what matters for a given day.

This was doubled down on in less fortunate ways in how the first two MPL members were removed. People who play a game aren't assured to be role models in other or any way. They aren't going to be immune to human greed and faults. I have no doubt Yuuya cheated looking at the pictures, my doubts come towards when he gave in. Was it always since he first won a Grand Prix with Tron in 2007, or maybe a few years ago when he looked just short of Hall of Fame status and needed a little more each even to get in, or maybe now when the stakes just got too high to not have someone in the group fold to temptation?

The MPL players are being built up into some paragon of the game's greatest. Can you really view that knowing the margins between them and the next best are so razor thin but the pay gap is infinite?

Do you really want to consume stream content produced primarily for entertainment, when you know the depth the game had to offer?

Live look at me booking even more GPs for the last ever Pro Point invite. pic.twitter.com/1aN9J2dQzx

— Ari Lax (@armlx) May 12, 2019

The old incentive structure is hanging on by a thread, and I'm going down with that ship until it sinks.

After that, who knows? Maybe an alternate tournament circuit that preserves the old style. Maybe a new hobby like rock climbing.

At the least, I feel like I want to go to Grand Prix Seattle and hang out with some of the people I've played with, worked on improving with, from every era.

Will the Twitch viewers from this Arena MC be there for Arena MC Seattle in fifteen years?

Glossary / Comparisons

Silver/Gold/Platinum - Old Pro Club levels, based on total points earned from GP (open) and PT (invite only) finishes. Silver was worth 1 invite when it was earned plus 1 the next year as it rolled over, Gold good for all the invites in a year, Platinum good for extra money.

Pro Tour - Used to pay out $250k total, with flights to the event paid for (almost) all players. 400+ players

MC - Pays out $500k total, no travel expenses, lowest prize $500. 400+ players

Arena MC - 32 MPL players, plus 4 non-MPL rollover invites, plus 16 Qualifiers. Total payout is $750k, or about $14,000 a person

Mythic Invitational - One shot event, didn't award Mythic Points. 32 MPL + 32 personalities, $1 million prize pool. About $15,000 per player.

Worlds 2019 - MC winners, Top 4 MPL and Top 4 non-MPL on Mythic points invited. Average payout is just over $60,000 per player.

Worlds 2018 - PT Winners, and around 20 top Pro Point finishers. About $10,000 per player paid out

Pro Point - Earned by Grand Prix and Pro Tour finishes, based on record or elimination round results. Determined Pro Status and Worlds Invites

Mythic Point - Only earned at Mythic Championships, Arena or Tabletop. Determines Worlds Invites, and nothing else as far as we know.